One of its older Mongolian names was the "Black River", because the river runs clear before it enters the Loess Plateau, but the current name of the river among Inner Mongolians is Ȟatan Gol ( Хатан гол, "Queen River"). Its yellow colour and central position in China are associated in traditional cardinal directions. The adjective "yellow" describes the perennial color of the muddy water in the lower course of the river, which arises from soil ( loess) being carried downstream. An early attestation of the name 黃河 ( Eastern Han Chinese: *ɣuaŋ-gɑi Middle Chinese: Huang Ha ) in the Eastern Han treatise Kongcongzi 孔叢子 "The Many Kong Family Master's Anthology", attributed to Confucius' descendant Kong Fu 孔鮒 ( c. There are frequent devastating floods and course changes produced by the continual elevation of the river bed, sometimes above the level of its surrounding farm fields.Įarly Chinese literature including the Yu Gong or Tribute of Yu dating to the Warring States period (475–221 BC) refers to the Yellow River as simply 河 ( Old Chinese: *C.gˤaj, Modern Beijing Mandarin: / xɤ̌/ or in pinyin Hé), a character that has come to mean "river" in modern usage. The Yellow River's basin was the birthplace of ancient Chinese, and, by extension, East Asian civilization, and it was the most prosperous region in early Chinese history. Its total drainage area is about 795,000 square kilometers (307,000 sq mi). The Yellow River basin has an east-west extent of about 1,900 kilometers (1,180 mi) and a north-south extent of about 1,100 km (680 mi). Originating at an elevation above 15,000 feet (4,600 metres) in the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai province of Western China, it flows through nine provinces, and it empties into the Bohai Sea near the city of Dongying in Shandong province. The Yellow River or Huang He (Chinese: 黄河, Mandarin: Huáng hé ( listen)) is the second-longest river in China, after the Yangtze River, and the sixth-longest river system in the world at the estimated length of 5,464 km (3,395 mi). "Yellow River" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
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